Legal area

Justice & procedure

Taking a case to court, becoming a civil party, criminal record, appeals.

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In brief

This area covers access to justice and procedure: how to bring a case, become a *partie civile* (civil party), challenge a decision, understand the criminal record, plus alternatives to prosecution and emergency measures.

Enforcing your rights in court means knowing the right procedure and the competent court. Depending on the dispute, this may be the tribunal judiciaire, the administrative court or a specialised court.

Before trial, alternatives often exist: conciliation, mediation, composition pénale. Our guides explain how to start an action, which costs can be recovered (article 700) and how to appeal a decision.

All articles: justice & procedure

30 articles
Contempt and Rebellion in France: Know Your Rights as an Expat

During a police check, a demonstration, or a simple altercation with law enforcement officers, tempers can fla…

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Article 700: How to Get Your Legal Fees Paid in France

Starting a lawsuit in France can be a costly endeavour, and the prospect of paying attorney fees deters many l…

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Court-Ordered Expert Reports in France: Role and Challenges

When a technical dispute arises—whether it involves defects in a newly built house, bodily injury following a …

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Usucapion in France: How to Become an Owner Through Possession

Becoming the owner of real estate without buying it, without inheriting it, and without it being gifted to you…

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Removing a Violent Partner: Emergency Measures in France

In the face of domestic violence—whether physical, psychological, verbal, or economic—the absolute priority is…

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French Criminal Records: Who Can See Bulletins No. 2 and 3?

In France, the casier judiciaire (criminal record) is an essential tool for ensuring public safety and integri…

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How to File an Application with the European Court of Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), sitting in Strasbourg, is often perceived as the ultimate shield ag…

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Composition Pénale in France: The Alternative to Prosecution

Faced with a criminal offence, a trial before the tribunal correctionnel (criminal court) or the tribunal de p…

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Becoming a Civil Party in France: Compensation and Trials

Whether you are the victim of a theft, an assault, a scam, or a road accident, you may find yourself thrown in…

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Direct Citation: Taking Someone to Court Without the Prosecutor

When you are the victim of a criminal offence in France, the most common reflex is to file a complaint (plaint…

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Cyberbullying in France: Laws, Penalties, and How to Report It

In the digital age, social networks, forums, and instant messaging apps have become essential spaces for inter…

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Domestic Violence & Assault in France: Medical Certificates & Proof

Facing a situation of violence—whether physical, psychological, sexual, or economic—can leave you feeling help…

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Filing a Complaint Online in France: Official Digital Services

Victim of an offence, you want to obtain justice quickly without having to wait long hours in a police station…

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Is a Lawyer Mandatory in France? Rules, Thresholds & Costs

When faced with a dispute, whether it is a neighborhood conflict, a divorce, or an unpaid invoice, a crucial q…

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Small Claims Under €5,000: The Simplified French Procedure

Have you had a dispute with a tradesperson who did poor work, a tenant who refuses to pay their last month of …

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Le Référé: How to Obtain an Emergency Court Ruling in France

When facing a conflict or an injustice, the timeframe of ordinary justice can sometimes feel agonizingly long.…

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Appealing a Court Ruling in France: Deadlines and Effects

You have just received a court decision and the verdict does not suit you, or seems profoundly unfair. In Fren…

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Victims of Crime in France: Compensation via the CIVI

When you are the victim of an assault, rape, armed robbery, or an act of terrorism, the physical and psycholog…

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Statute of Limitations in French Criminal Law: Deadlines Explained

Does time erase all offenses? In French law, the answer is yes—or almost—thanks to the mechanism known as the …

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Being a Witness in France: Your Rights and Obligations

You have just received a summons from the police, the gendarmerie, or a court to be heard as a witness. Whethe…

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Defamation and Insults: Taking Legal Action in France

In the digital age and the era of social media, people speak more freely than ever, but they also increasingly…

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Self-Defence in France: Understanding the Strict Legal Limits

In the collective imagination, self-defence is often perceived as a license to take the law into one's own han…

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Police Custody in France: Your Rights Minute by Minute

Police custody is one of the most liberty-restricting measures in French criminal law. Whether it occurs follo…

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Criminal Record in France: How to Access and Clear It

When applying for a job, seeking to acquire French nationality, or taking steps to obtain a professional licen…

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Order to Pay in France: Recover Unpaid Debts Quickly

In business as in daily life, facing an unpaid debt is a particularly stressful situation that can severely da…

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Conciliateur de Justice: Resolve Disputes in France for Free

Facing a neighborhood conflict, a dispute with a tradesperson, or a disagreement between landlord and tenant, …

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Which French Court for Which Dispute? A Guide for Expats

Facing a neighborhood conflict, unpaid rent, a contested dismissal, or a commercial dispute? The first questio…

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Legal Aid in France: How to Get Free or Low-Cost Justice

Access to justice is a fundamental right guaranteed by the French Republic. However, when faced with lawyer fe…

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Dismissed Complaints in France: How to Appeal a Case Closed Without Action

Filing a complaint after being the victim of an offence is a courageous act, often representing a challenging …

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Filing a Complaint in France: Where, How, and Next Steps

Victim of a theft, a scam, violence, or threats? In France, filing a complaint is the foundational legal act t…

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Frequently asked questions

How do I become a civil party?

Becoming a *partie civile* lets a victim claim compensation within a criminal case. It can be done by letter, at the hearing, or by filing a complaint with an application to join as a civil party before the investigating judge.

Who can see my criminal record?

Bulletin no. 1 is only accessible to judicial authorities. Bulletin no. 2 is reserved for certain administrations and employers, and bulletin no. 3, the most restricted, can only be requested by you.

Can I recover my legal fees?

Yes, in part. *Article 700* of the Code of Civil Procedure lets you ask the judge to make the losing party bear part of your legal costs.

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